Ka'idodin Ayyukan Jiki Armor

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Matsayin aikin sulke na jiki jeri ne da hukumomin ƙasa suka samar, na buƙatun don yin amfani da sulke da dogaro, wanda ke nuna a fili abin da sulke zai iya kuma ba zai yi nasara ba. Ƙasashe daban-daban suna da ma'auni daban-daban, waɗanda ƙila sun haɗa da barazanar da ba a cikin wasu ƙasashe.

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Ma'auni na VPAM kamar na 2009 yana gudana daga 1 zuwa 14, tare da 1-5 kasancewa sulke mai laushi, kuma 6-14 kasancewa sulke mai wuya. Jarabawar makamai dole ne su yi tsayin daka uku, nisan mm 120 (inci 4.7) baya, na barazanar gwajin da ba ta wuce mm 25 (inci 0.98) na nakasar fuska ba don wucewa. Abin lura shine haɗa da barazanar yanki na musamman kamar Swiss P AP daga RUAG da .357 DAG. A cewar gidan yanar gizon VPAM, da alama ana amfani da shi a Faransa da Biritaniya.

Ma'aunin VPAM shine kamar haka:

Matsayin Armor	Kariya
PM 1 .22 Dogon Bindiga	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 10± 0.5, na: 2.6 ± 0.1 g (40 ± 1.54 gr)  .22 Dogon Rifle gubar zagaye-harsasan hanci a saurin 360± 10 m/s (1181± 33 ft/s)
PM 2 9 × 19mm Parabellum	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 5± 0.5, na: 8.0 ± 0.1 g (123 ± 1.54 gr)  9 × 19mm Parabellum  DM41 FMJ zagaye-hanci gubar-core harsasai a gudun 360 ± 10 m / s (1181 ± 33 ft / s)
PM 3 9 × 19mm Parabellum	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 5± 0.5, na: 8.0 ± 0.1 g (123 ± 1.54 gr)  9 × 19mm Parabellum  DM41 FMJ zagaye-hanci gubar-core harsasai a cikin gudun 415 ± 10 m / s (1361 ± 33 ft / s)
PM 4 .357 Magnum .44 Magnum	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 5± 0.5, na: 10.2 ± 0.1 g (157 ± 1.54 gr)  .357 Magnum  harsasai a saurin 430± 10 m/s (1410± 33 ft/s) 15.6 ± 0.1 g (240 ± 1.54 gr)  .44 Magnum  harsasai a saurin 440± 10 m/s (1443± 33 ft/s)
PM 5 .357 Magnum	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 5± 0.5, na: 7.1 ± 0.1 g (109 ± 1.54 gr)  .357 Magnum  FMs (tagulla a hanci) harsashi a saurin 580± 10 m/s (1902± 33 ft/s)
PM 6 7.62×39mm	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 10± 0.5, na: 8.0 ± 0.1 g (122 ± 1.54 gr)  7.62 × 39mm  PS m karfe-core harsasai a gudun 720 ± 10 m / s (2362 ± 33 ft / s)
PM 7 5.56×45mm 7.62×51mm	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 10± 0.5, na: 4.0 ± 0.1 g (62 ± 1.54 gr) 5.56 × 45mm SS109/US: M855 FMJ harsasai a saurin 950± 10 m/s (3116± 33 ft/s) 9.55 ± 0.1 g (147 ± 1.54 gr)  7.62 × 51mm  DM111 karfe-core harsasai a gudun 830± 10 m/s (2723 ± 33 ft/s)
PM 8 7.62×39mm	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 10± 0.5, na: 7.7 ± 0.1 g (118 ± 1.54 gr) 7.62 × 39mm BZ API (harsashi masu hura wuta) harsashi a saurin 740± 10 m/s (2427±33 ft/s)
PM 9 7.62×51mm	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 10± 0.5, na: 9.7±0.2 g (149±3.08 gr) 7.62×51mm P80 harsasai masu huda sulke a saurin 820±10 m/s (2690±33 ft/s)
PM 10 7.62×54mmR	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 10± 0.5, na: 10.4 ± 0.1 g (160 ± 1.54 gr) 7.62 × 54mmR B32 API harsashi a saurin 860± 10 m/s (2821± 33 ft/s)
PM 11 7.62×51mm	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 10± 0.5, na: 8.4±0.1 g (129±1.54 gr) 7.62×51mm Nammo AP8/US M993 harsasai masu huda sulke a saurin 930±10 m/s (3051±33 ft/s)
PM 12 7.62×51mm	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, wanda aka harba daga mita 10± 0.5, na: 12.7 ± 0.1 g (196 ± 1.54 gr) 7.62×51mm RUAG SWISS P AP harsasai masu huda sulke a saurin 810±10 m/s (2657±33 ft/s)
PM 13 12.7×99mm	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, da aka harba daga tazarar sabani, na: 43.5 ± 0.1 g (671 ± 7.71 gr) 12.7 × 99mm RUAG SWISS P harsasai masu shiga cikin sauri na 930± 10 m/s (3051± 33 ft/s)
PM 14 14.5×114mm	Wannan sulke zai kare kariya daga bugu uku, da aka harba daga tazarar sabani, na: 63.4 ± 0.1 g (978 ± 7.71 gr) 14.5 × 114mm B32 API harsasai a saurin 911± 10 m/s (2988± 33 ft/s)

• Auna aikin ballistic na makamai yana dogara ne akan ƙayyade ƙarfin motsi na harsashi a tasiri ( E _k = 1⁄2 mv ²). Saboda kuzarin harsashi muhimmin abu ne a iya shigarsa, ana amfani da saurin gudu azaman madaidaicin mai zaman kansa na farko a gwajin ballistic. Ga yawancin masu amfani da ma'aunin maɓalli shine saurin da babu harsashi da zai shiga sulke. Aunawa wannan saurin shigar sifili ( v ₀) dole ne yayi la'akari da bambancin aikin sulke da bambancin gwaji. Gwajin ballistic yana da adadin hanyoyin samun sauye-sauye: sulke, kayan goyan baya na gwaji, harsashi, casing, foda, firamare da ganga gun, ga kaɗan.

• Sauyawa yana rage ikon tsinkaya na ƙaddarar V0. Idan misali, v ₀ na ƙirar sulke an auna shi ya zama 1,600 ft/s (490 m/s) tare da harsashi FMJ 9 mm akan harbi 30, gwajin shine kawai ƙididdigewa na ainihin v ₀ na wannan sulke. Matsalar ita ce sauye-sauye. Idan an sake gwada v ɗin ₀ tare da rukuni na biyu na harbi 30 akan ƙirar rigar guda ɗaya, sakamakon ba zai zama iri ɗaya ba.

• Harba mai saurin gudu guda ɗaya kawai ake buƙata don rage ƙimar v ₀ . Yawancin harbe-harbe da aka yi ƙasa da v ₀ za ta tafi. Dangane da kididdiga, saurin shigar sifili shine ƙarshen wutsiya na karkarwar rarraba. Idan an san bambancin kuma ana iya ƙididdige madaidaicin karkata, mutum zai iya saita V0 da ƙarfi a tazarar amincewa. Ka'idodin Gwaji yanzu sun ayyana yawan harbe-harbe dole ne a yi amfani da su don kimanta v ₀ don takaddun sulke. Wannan hanya tana bayyana tazarar amincewa na kimanta v ₀. (Dubi 'Hanyoyin gwajin NIJ da HOSDB'.)

• v ₀ yana da wahalar aunawa, don haka an ƙirƙiri ra'ayi na biyu a gwajin ballistic mai suna ballistic limit ( v ₅₀). Wannan shi ne saurin da kashi 50 cikin 100 na harbe-harbe ke bi kuma kashi 50 na sulke ke dakatar da su. Ma'aunin soja na Amurka MIL-STD-662F V50 Gwajin Ballistic yana bayyana hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don wannan ma'aunin. Manufar ita ce a sami harbe-harbe guda uku waɗanda ke shiga cikin hankali fiye da na biyu cikin sauri rukuni na harbi uku waɗanda makamai suka tsayar. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan manyan tasha guda uku da ƙananan shiga uku don ƙididdige saurin v ₅₀ .

• A aikace wannan ma'aunin v ₅₀ yana buƙatar 1-2 faifan vest da 10-20 harbi. Tunani mai fa'ida sosai a gwajin sulke shine saurin kashewa tsakanin v ₀ da v ₅₀. Idan an auna wannan diyya don ƙirar sulke, to v don aunawa da ƙididdige canje-canje a ₅₀ za a iya amfani da bayanan v ₀. Don masana'anta riga, kimantawar filin da gwajin rayuwa duka biyu v ₀ da . ₅₀ ana amfani da Koyaya, sakamakon sauƙin yin ma'aunin v ₅₀ , wannan hanya ta fi mahimmanci don sarrafa makamai bayan takaddun shaida.

• Bayan Yaƙin Vietnam, masu tsara shirye-shiryen soji sun ɓullo da ra'ayi na ' Rage Rage Hatsari ' .Babban bayanan da aka kashe sun bayyana a fili cewa a cikin yanayin yaƙi, gutsuttsura, ba harsasai ba, sune mafi mahimmancin barazana ga sojoji. Bayan WWII, ana haɓaka riguna kuma gwajin guntu yana cikin matakan farko. Harsashi na bindigu, harsashi, bama-bamai na iska, gurneti, da nakiyoyin hana mutane duk na’urorin tarwatsewa ne. Dukkansu suna dauke da kwandon karfe da aka kera don fashe cikin kananan gutsuttsuran karafa ko tarkace, lokacin da abin fashewar su ya tashi. Bayan yunƙurin auna girman rabo daga ƙungiyoyin NATO da na Tarayyar Soviet, an ƙirƙiri wani gwajin guntu. An ƙera ɓangarorin na'urar kwaikwayo, kuma mafi yawan siffa ita ce silinda madauwari dama ko na'urar kwaikwayo ta RCC. Wannan siffar yana da tsayi daidai da diamita. Waɗannan RCC Fragment Simulation Projectiles (FSPs) ana gwada su azaman rukuni. Jerin gwajin galibi ya haɗa da hatsi 2 (0.13 g), hatsi 4 (0.263 g), hatsi 16 (1.0 g), da hatsi 64 (4.2 g) gwajin yawan RCC FSP. Jerin 2-4-16-64 ya dogara ne akan ma'auni da aka auna girman rabo.

• Kashi na biyu na dabarar ' Rage Hassada ' nazari ne na saurin rarraba gutsuttsura daga harsasai. Abubuwan fashewar Warhead suna da saurin fashewar 20,000 ft/s (6,100m/s) zuwa 30,000 ft/s (9,100 m/s). A sakamakon haka, suna iya fitar da gutsuttsura a cikin matsanancin gudu sama da 3,300 ft / s (1,000 m / s), yana nuna ƙarfi sosai (inda makamashin juzu'i shine 1⁄2 taro × saurin gudu ², sakaci da makamashin juyawa). Bayanan injiniya na soja sun nuna cewa, kamar girman guntu, saurin gutsuttsura yana da halaye masu rarraba. Yana yiwuwa a raba abin da ke fitowa daga kan warhead zuwa ƙungiyoyin sauri. Misali, 95% na duk gutsuttsura daga fashewar bam a ƙarƙashin hatsi 4 (0.26 g) suna da saurin 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s) ko ƙasa da haka. Wannan ya kafa saitin maƙasudi don ƙirar ballistic na soja.

• Yanayin rarrabuwar kawuna yana buƙatar ƙayyadaddun rigar soja don cinikin kashe taro da fa'idar ballistic. sulke sulke yana da ikon dakatar da duk gutsuttsura, amma ma'aikatan soji zasu iya ɗaukar iyakataccen adadin kayan aiki da kayan aiki, don haka nauyin rigar yana da iyakacin kariyar gutsuwar rigar. Za'a iya dakatar da jerin hatsi na 2-4-16-64 a iyakance iyaka ta rigar rigar gabaɗaya ta kusan 5.4 kg/m ² (1.1 lb/ft ²). Ya bambanta da ƙirar rigar harsashin gubar mai lalacewa, guntuwar ba sa canza siffar; su karfe ne kuma ba za a iya nakasu da kayan yadi ba. 2-hatsi (0.13 g) FSP (mafi ƙanƙantar ɓawon burodi da aka saba amfani da shi a gwaji) ya kai girman ƙwayar shinkafa; irin waɗannan ƙananan gutsutsayen motsi masu sauri na iya yuwuwar zamewa ta cikin rigar, suna motsawa tsakanin yadudduka. A sakamakon haka, yadudduka da aka inganta don kariyar gutsuttsura suna saƙa sosai, kodayake waɗannan yadudduka ba su da tasiri wajen dakatar da harsashin gubar.

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimmin buƙatu a cikin gwajin ballistic mai laushi shine auna ' sa hannun gefen baya ' (watau makamashin da aka isar zuwa nama ta hanyar abin da ba ya shiga ciki) a cikin wani abu mara kyau wanda aka sanya a bayan rigar da aka yi niyya. Yawancin sojoji da matakan tilasta doka sun daidaita akan cakuda mai / yumbu don kayan tallafi, wanda aka sani da Roma Plastilena. Ko da yake ya fi nakasar ɗan adam wahala da ƙarancin nakasa, Roma tana wakiltar wani abu mai goyan bayan ' mafi munin yanayin lokacin da nakasar filastik a cikin mai/laka ta yi ƙasa (kasa da 20 mm (0.79 in)). (Armor da aka sanya a kan wani wuri mai wuya ya fi sauƙi shiga.) Cakudar mai / laka na ' Roma ' shine kusan sau biyu na nauyin jikin ɗan adam don haka bai dace da ƙayyadaddun nauyinsa ba , duk da haka ' Roma ' abu ne na filastik wanda ba zai dawo da siffarsa ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci don auna daidai da yiwuwar rauni ta hanyar sa hannu na baya.

Zaɓin goyan bayan gwaji yana da mahimmanci saboda a cikin sassauƙan sulke, naman jikin mai sawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaukar tasirin ƙarfin kuzari na abubuwan ballistic da soka. Duk da haka jikin ɗan adam yana da ɗabi'a mai sarƙaƙƙiya. Nisa daga kejin haƙarƙari da kashin baya, halayen nama mai laushi yana da taushi da yarda. A cikin nama a kan yankin kasusuwa na sternum, yarda da gangar jikin ya ragu sosai. Wannan hadaddun yana buƙatar ingantaccen tsarin kayan tallafi na bio-morphic don ingantaccen gwajin ballistic da sulke. An yi amfani da abubuwa da yawa don kwaikwaya kyallen jikin mutum ban da Romawa. A kowane hali, waɗannan kayan ana sanya su a bayan sulke yayin tasirin gwaji kuma an ƙirƙira su don kwaikwayi bangarori daban-daban na halayen tasirin nama na ɗan adam.

Wani muhimmin al'amari na goyan bayan gwajin makamai shine taurinsa. An fi shigar da makamai cikin sauƙi a gwaji lokacin da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi suka goyi bayansa, sabili da haka abubuwa masu wuya, kamar yumbu na Roma, suna wakiltar ƙarin hanyoyin gwaji na mazan jiya.

Nau'in baya	Kayayyaki	Na roba/roba	Nau'in gwaji	Musamman nauyi	Dangantakar taurin vs gelatin	Aikace-aikace
Roma Plastilina Clay # 1	Cakuda mai/Clay	Filastik	Ballistic da Soka	>2	Matsakaici mai wuya	Ma'aunin sa hannun fuskar baya.  An yi amfani da shi don yawancin gwaji na yau da kullun
10% gelatin	Gel sunadaran dabba	Visco-lastic	Ballistic	~ 1 (90% ruwa)	Mai laushi fiye da tushe	Kyakkyawan simulant don kyallen jikin mutum, mai wuyar amfani, tsada. Ana buƙatar hanyoyin gwajin FBI
20% gelatin	Gel sunadaran dabba	Visco-lastic	Ballistic	~ 1 (80% ruwa)	Baseline	Kyakkyawan simulant don tsokar kwarangwal.  Yana ba da ra'ayi mai ƙarfi na taron.
HOSDB-NIJ Kumfa	Neoprene kumfa, EVA kumfa, takarda roba	Na roba	Soka	~1	Dan wuya fiye da gelatin	Matsakaicin yarjejeniya tare da nama, mai sauƙin amfani,  low a farashi. Ana amfani dashi a gwajin wuka
Silicone gel	Dogon sarkar silicone polymer	Visco-lastic	Likitan halittu	~1.2	Yi kama da gelatin	Gwajin biomedical don gwajin ƙarfin ƙarfi,  kyakykyawan kyakykyawan matches
Gwajin dabbar Alade ko Tumaki	Nama mai rai	Daban-daban	Bincike	~1	Nama na gaske yana canzawa	Mai rikitarwa, yana buƙatar bita na ɗa'a don amincewa

An haɓaka matakan sulke da karu ta amfani da kayan tallafi daban-daban guda 3. Ka'idar Draft EU tana kiran yumbu na Roma, California DOC ta kira 60% ballistic gelatin kuma ma'auni na yanzu na NIJ da HOSDB yana kiran kumfa mai sassa da yawa da kayan tallafi na roba.

• Yin amfani da goyan bayan yumbu na Roma, ƙwararrun ƙwalƙwalwar ƙarfe kawai sun cika buƙatun 109 joule Calif. DOC ƙanƙara buƙatun

• Yin amfani da goyan bayan 10% Gelatin, duk hanyoyin magance masana'anta sun sami damar biyan buƙatun 109 joule Calif. DOC ƙanƙara.

• Kwanan nan Tsarin ISO PREN ISO 14876 na yau da kullun ya zaɓi Roma a matsayin goyan bayan duka ballistics da gwajin wuka.

Wannan tarihin yana taimakawa bayyana wani muhimmin abu a gwajin sulke na Ballistics da Stab sulke, taurin goyan baya yana shafar juriyar shigar sulke. Rushewar makamashi na tsarin naman sulke shine Makamashi = Ƙarfi × Ƙaura lokacin gwaji akan goyan baya waɗanda suka fi sauƙi kuma mafi nakasa jimillar tasirin tasirin tasiri a ƙananan ƙarfi. Lokacin da aka rage ƙarfin ta hanyar tallafi mai sassaucin ra'ayi mafi dacewa da sulke ba zai iya shiga ba. Yin amfani da kayan Roma masu wuya a cikin tsarin daftarin aiki na ISO ya sa wannan ya zama mafi tsauri na ka'idojin soka da ake amfani da su a yau.