Heerarka Waxqabadka Hubka Jirka

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Heerarka waxqabadka hubka jidhku waa liis ay soo saareen mas'uuliyiinta qaranka, shuruudaha hubka si ay u fuliyaan si la isku halleyn karo, taasoo si cad u tilmaamaysa waxa hubku laga yaabo iyo laga yaabo inaan laga adkaan. Waddamo kala duwan ayaa leh heerar kala duwan, kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay ku jiraan hanjabaado aan ka jirin dalalka kale.

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Miisaanka VPAM ee 2009 wuxuu ka socdaa 1 ilaa 14, iyadoo 1-5 uu yahay hub jilicsan, iyo 6-14 oo ah hub adag. Hubka la tijaabiyay waa in uu u adkeysan karaa saddex hits, oo kala fogaanaya 120 mm (4.7 inji), oo ah khatarta tijaabada ee la qoondeeyay oo aan ka badnayn 25 mm (0.98 inji) ee qalloocinta wajiga si loo gudbo. Waxaa xusid mudan ku darida khataraha gobolka ee gaarka ah sida Swiss PAP oo ka yimid RUAG iyo .357 DAG. Sida laga soo xigtay website-ka VPAM, waxa sida muuqata laga isticmaalaa Faransiiska iyo Ingiriiska.

Miisaanka VPAM waa sida soo socota:

Heerka hubka	Ilaalinta
PM 1 .22 Qori dheer	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 10±0.5 mitir, ee: ±0.1g (40±1.54  2.6 gr )
PM 2 9×19mm Parabellum	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 5±0.5 mitir, ee: 8.0 ± 0.1 g (123 ± 1.54 gr)  9×19mm Parabellum  DM41 FMJ-sanka wareega rasaasta rasaasta rasaasta ledhka ee xawliga ah 360±10 m/s (1181±33 ft/s)
PM 3 9×19mm Parabellum	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 5±0.5 mitir, ee: 8.0 ± 0.1 g (123 ± 1.54 gr)  9 × 19mm Parabellum  DM41 FMJ-sanka wareega rasaasta rasaasta ledhka-xawaaraha 415±10 m/s (1361±33 ft/s)
PM 4 .357 Magnum .44 Magnum	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 5±0.5 mitir, ee: ±0.1 g (157±1.54 gr  10.2  ) ±0.1 g (240±1.54 gr  15.6  )
PM 5 .357 Magnum	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 5±0.5 mitir, ee: 7.1±0.1 g (109±1.54 gr)  .357 Magnum  FM-yada (naxaasta sanka ah) xabadaha xawaarahoodu yahay 580±10 m/s (1902±33 ft/s)
PM 6 7.62×39mm	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 10±0.5 mitir, ee: 8.0 ± 0.1 g (122 ± 1.54 gr)  7.62×39mm  PS xabadaha khafiifka ah ee birta-core xawaarahoodu yahay 720±10 m/s (2362±33 ft/s)
PM 7 5.56×45mm 7.62×51mm	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 10±0.5 mitir, ee: 4.0 ± 0.1 g (62 ± 1.54 gr) 5.56×45mm SS109/US: M855 FMJ xabadaha xawaarahoodu yahay 950±10 m/s (3116±33 ft/s) 9.55±0.1 g (147±1.54 gr)  7.62×51mm  DM111 xabadaha birta-core xawaarahoodu yahay 830±10 m/s (2723±33 ft/s)
PM 8 7.62×39mm	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 10±0.5 mitir, ee: 7.7 ± 0.1 g (118 ± 1.54 gr) 7.62×39mm BZ API (hubka hurinaya) rasaasta xawaare dhan 740±10 m/s (2427±33 ft/s)
PM 9 7.62×51mm	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 10±0.5 mitir, ee: 9.7±0.2 g (149±3.08 gr) 7.62×51mm P80 rasaasta gaashaaman ee daloolinaysa xawaare dhan 820±10 m/s (2690±33 ft/s)
PM 10 7.62×54mmR	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 10±0.5 mitir, ee: 10.4 ± 0.1 g (160 ± 1.54 gr) 7.62×54mmR B32 API xabadaha xawaarahoodu yahay 860±10 m/s (2821±33 ft/s)
PM 11 7.62×51mm	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 10±0.5 mitir, ee: 8.4±0.1 g (129±1.54 gr) 7.62×51mm Nammo AP8/US M993 rasaasta gaashaaman-daloolinka ah oo xawaare dhan 930±10 m/s (3051±33 ft/s)
PM 12 7.62×51mm	Hubkan ayaa ka ilaalin doona saddex hits, oo laga soo riday 10±0.5 mitir, ee: 12.7 ± 0.1 g (196 ± 1.54 gr) 7.62×51mm RUAG SWISS P AP rasaasta gaashaaman ee daloolinaysa xawaare dhan 810±10 m/s (2657±33 ft/s)
PM 13 12.7×99mm	Hubkaani wuxuu ka ilaalin doonaa seddex ku dhufo, oo laga soo tuuro masaafo aan sabab lahayn, oo ah: 0.1g ± 43.5
PM 14 14.5×114mm	Hubkaani wuxuu ka ilaalin doonaa seddex ku dhufo, oo laga soo tuuro masaafo aan sabab lahayn, oo ah: 0.1g ± 63.4

• Cabbiraadda waxqabadka ballistic-ga hubku waxay ku salaysan tahay go'aaminta tamarta kinetic ee rasaastu marka ay saamaynayso ( E _k = 1⁄2 mv ²). Sababtoo ah tamarta xabbadu waa qodobka ugu muhiimsan ee awoodeeda wax gelinta, xawaaraha waxaa loo isticmaalaa doorsoomiyaha aasaasiga ah ee madaxbannaan ee baaritaanka ballistic-ga. Isticmaalayaasha intooda badan cabbirka muhiimka ah waa xawaaraha aan xabbaddu dhex geli doonin hubka. Cabbiraadda xawaaraha gelitaanka eber ( v ₀) waa in ay tixgelisaa kala duwanaanshaha waxqabadka hubka iyo kala duwanaanshaha tijaabada. Tijaabada Ballistic-ku waxay leedahay ilo kala duwanaansho ah: hubka, qalabka taageerada tijaabada ah, rasaasta, daboolka, budada, alwaaxdii iyo foostada qoriga, si aan u magacaabo dhowr.

• Kala duwanaanshuhu wuxuu yareeyaa awoodda saadaalinta ee go'aaminta V0. Haddii tusaale ahaan, v ₀ of design hubka lagu qiyaaso 1,600 ft / s (490 m / s) la 9 mm FMJ rasaas ku salaysan 30 darbo, imtixaanka waa kaliya qiyaas v dhabta ah ₀ ee hubka this. Dhibaatadu waa kala duwanaansho. Haddii v ₀ mar kale la tijaabiyo koox labaad 30 darbo on design jaakada la mid ah, natiijadu ma noqon doonto isku mid.

• Kaliya hal xawaare hooseeya oo dhex gala ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo dhimo qiimaha v ₀ . The darbo badan sameeyey hoos u v ₀ doonaa. Marka la eego tirakoobka, xawaaraha gelitaanka eber waa dabada dabada ee qalooca qaybinta. Haddii kala duwanaanshiyaha la yaqaan oo leexashada heerka la xisaabin karo, qofku wuxuu si adag u dejin karaa V0 muddada kalsoonida. Heerarka Imtixaanku hadda waxay qeexaan inta tallaal ee loo baahan yahay in la isticmaalo si loo qiyaaso v ₀ shahaado-siinta hubka. Habkani waxa uu qeexayaa muddada kalsoonida ee qiyaasta v ₀. (Fiiri 'NIJ iyo HOSDB hababka tijaabada').

• v ₀ way adag tahay in la cabbiro, sidaa awgeed fikrad labaad ayaa lagu sameeyay imtixaan ballistic ah oo loo yaqaan xadka ballistic ( v ₅₀). Tani waa xawaaraha boqolkiiba 50 ee tallaalada ay maraan boqolkiiba 50na ay joojiyaan hubka. Halbeegga militariga Mareykanka MIL-STD-662F V50 Tijaabada Ballistic waxay qeexdaa nidaamka caadiga ah ee cabbirkan. Hadafku waa in la helo saddex darbo oo dhex gala kuwaas oo ka gaabinaya koox labaad oo ka dheeraysa saddex darbo oo uu joojiyo hubku. Saddexdan joogsi ee sare iyo saddexda gale ee hoose ayaa markaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu xisaabiyo xawaaraha v ₅₀ .

• Ficil ahaan cabbirkan v ₅₀ wuxuu u baahan yahay 1-2 muraayadaha jaakadaha iyo 10-20 tallaal. Fikrad aad u faa'iido badan marka la eego tijaabinta hubku waa xawaaraha dhimista ee u dhexeeya v ₀ iyo v ₅₀. Haddii kabitaankan loo cabbiray naqshadaynta hubka, markaas xogta v ₅₀ waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu cabbiro laguna qiyaaso isbeddellada v ₀. Soo saarista jaakadaha, qiimaynta goobta iyo tijaabada nolosha v ₀ iyo v ₅₀ ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, natiijada fududaanta samaynta v ₅₀ cabbirada, habkan ayaa aad muhiim ugu ah xakamaynta hubka ka dib shahaadada.

• Dagaalkii Vietnam ka dib, qorshayaasha millatari waxay soo saareen fikrad ah ' Dhimista Khasaaraha ' . Tirada weyn ee xogta khasaaraha ayaa si cad u sheegtay in xaalad dagaal, jajab, oo aan xabadu ahayn, ay ahaayeen khatarta ugu muhiimsan ee askarta. Kadib WWII, jaakadaha ayaa la sameeyay waxaana tijaabada jajabku ay ahayd heerarkeedii hore. Madaafiicda, madaafiicda, bambaanooyinka hawada sare laga tuuro, bam-gacmeedyada, iyo miinooyinka lidka-ka-hortagga dadka waa qalab kala-jajabin ah. Dhammaantood waxay ka kooban yihiin dabool bir ah oo loogu talagalay inay ku dillaacdo jajab yar oo birta ah ama jeexjeexyada, marka xudunta qarxa ay qarxiso. Dadaal badan ka dib markii lagu cabbiray cabbirka jajabka qaybinta kala duwan ee gaashaanbuurta NATO iyo Soofiyeedka, waxaa la sameeyay tijaabo jajab ah. Simulators jajab ah ayaa la nashqadeeyey, qaabka ugu caansanna waa dhululubo wareeg ah oo sax ah ama jileeyaha RCC. Qaabkani wuxuu leeyahay dherer le'eg dhexroorkiisa. Kuwan RCC Fragment Simulation Projectiles (FSPs) waxa loo tijaabiyaa koox ahaan. Taxanaha imtixaanku inta badan waxa ku jira 2 hadhuudh (0.13 g), 4 hadhuudh (0.263 g), 16 hadhuudh (1.0 g), iyo 64 hadhuudh (4.2 g) badar RCC FSP ah. Taxanaha 2-4-16-64 wuxuu ku salaysan yahay qaybinta cabbirka jajabka.

• Qaybta labaad ee istiraatijiyadda ' Dhimista Khasaaraha ' waa daraasadda xawaaraha qaybinta jajabyada rasaasta. Walxaha qarxa waxay leeyihiin xawaarahooda qarax 20,000 ft/s (6,100 m/s) ilaa 30,000 ft/s (9,100 m/s). Natiijo ahaan, waxay awood u leeyihiin inay ka saaraan jajabyada xawaare aad u sarreeya oo ka sarreeya 3,300 ft / s (1,000 m / s), taas oo muujinaysa tamar aad u sarreeya (halka tamarta jajabku ay tahay 1⁄2 mass × xawaaraha ², dayacanaya tamarta wareegga). Xogta injineernimada milatarigu waxay muujisay, sida cabbirka jajabka, xawaaraha jajabku lahaa qaybinta sifo. Waxa suurtogal ah in la kala saaro jajabka ka soo baxa madax dagaal oo loo kala qaybiyo kooxo xawli ah. Tusaale ahaan, 95% dhammaan jajabyada qaraxa bamka ee ka hooseeya 4 xabo (0.26 g) waxay leeyihiin xawaare dhan 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s) ama ka yar. Tani waxay dejisay yoolal loo dejiyay naqshadaynta jaakadaha ballistic-ga militariga.

• Dabeecadda random ee kala qaybsanaantu waxay u baahday shaadhka millatariga si uu uga ganacsado mass vs. faa'iidada ballistic-ga. Hubka gaashaaman ee baabuurta adag waxa uu awood u leeyahay in uu joojiyo dhammaan jajabyada, laakiin shaqaalaha milatarigu waxa ay qaadi karaan oo keliya qalab iyo qalab xadidan, markaa miisaanka jaakadu waa arrin xaddidaysa ilaalinta jajabka jaakadda. Taxanaha 2-4-16-64 ee xawaarihiisa xaddidan waxaa joojin kara jaakad dhar-dhar ah oo ku dhow 5.4 kg/m ² (1.1 lb/ft ²). Si ka duwan qaabka jaakadda loogu talagalay rasaasta rasaasta ledhka ee qallafsan, jajabyadu ma beddelaan qaabka; waa bir oo aan lagu beddeli karin alaabta dunta. 2-hadhuudh (0.13 g) FSP (masaxaaca jajabka ugu yar ee inta badan loo isticmaalo baaritaanka) waxa uu le'eg yahay hadhuudh bariis ah; jajabyada yaryar ee dhaq-dhaqaaqa leh ayaa suurtogal ah inay ka dhex simbiriiraan jaakadda, iyagoo u dhexeeya maddooyinka yaryar. Natiijo ahaan, maryaha loo habeeyay ilaalinta jajabka ayaa si adag loo toleeyey, in kasta oo dharkani aanay waxtar u lahayn joojinta rasaasta rasaasta.

Mid ka mid ah shuruudaha muhiimka ah ee tijaabinta kubbadda jilicsan waa cabbiraadda ' saxiixa dhinaca dambe ' (tusaale tamarta la geeyo nudaha oo ay bixiso madfac aan gelayn) oo ku jirta shay dib u habayn kara oo la dhigay gadaashiisa jaakadda la beegsaday. Inta badan heerarka militariga iyo fulinta sharciga waxay ku degeen isku dar ah saliid/ dhoobo ah oo loogu talagalay walxaha taageerada, ee loo yaqaan Roma Plastilena. In kasta oo ay ka adag tahay oo ka qallafsan tahay unugyada bini'aadamka, Roma waxay u taagan tahay ' xaaladda ugu xun ' alaabta taageerta marka balaastigga saliidda/ dhoobada ay hooseeyaan (in ka yar 20 mm (0.79 in)). Hubka la dul dhigo meel adag ( loo si fudud ayaa galaa

Xulashada taageerada imtixaanku waa mid muhiim ah sababtoo ah hubka dabacsan, unugyada jidhka ee qofka xidha ayaa qayb laxaad leh ka qaata soo jiidashada saamaynta tamarta sare ee dhacdooyinka ballistic iyo mindida. Si kastaba ha ahaatee jidhka bini'aadamku wuxuu leeyahay dabeecad farsamo oo aad u adag. Ka fog qafiska feeraha iyo laf dhabarta, habdhaqanka unugyada jilicsan waa mid jilicsan oo u hoggaansamaya. Xuubka ka sarreeya qaybta lafaha sternum, u hoggaansanaanta jirku aad ayuu u hooseeyaa. Kakanaantani waxay u baahan tahay habab wax-ku-taageero bio-morphic ah oo aad u tifaftiran si loo tijaabiyo hub ballistic ah oo sax ah. Tiro maaddooyin ah ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu sawiro unugyada bini'aadamka marka lagu daro Roma. Dhammaan kiisaska, walxahan waxaa la dhigayaa gadaasha hubka inta lagu jiro saameynta tijaabada waxaana loo qorsheeyay in lagu sawiro dhinacyada kala duwan ee dabeecadda saameynta unugyada aadanaha.

Mid ka mid ah qodobbada muhiimka ah ee tijaabinta taageerada hubka waa adkaantiisa. Hubka si fudud ayaa loo galaa tijaabada marka lagu taageerayo walxo adag, sidaas darteed walxo adag, sida dhoobada Roma, waxay u taagan yihiin habab tijaabo ah oo muxaafid ah.

Nooca dhabarka	Qalabka	Laastiig/caag	Nooca tijaabada	Cuf-jiid gaar ah	Adag ee qaraabada vs jelatin	Codsiga
dhoobo Plastilina Roma #1	Saliid/ dhoobo isku dar ah	caag	Ballistic iyo Mindi	>2	Dhexdhexaad adag	cabbirka saxeexa wejiga dambe.  Loo isticmaalo inta badan imtixaanada caadiga ah
10% gelatin	Jel borotiinka xoolaha	Visco-elastic	Ballistic	~ 1 (90% biyo)	Ka jilicsan marka loo eego asalka	Simulant wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay unugyada aadanaha, ay adagtahay in la isticmaalo, qaali. Loo baahan yahay hababka baaritaanka FBI
20% gelatin	Jel borotiinka xoolaha	Visco-elastic	Ballistic	~ 1 (80% biyo)	Asal ahaan	Simulant u fiican muruqa lafaha.  Waxay bixisaa aragtida firfircoon ee dhacdada.
HOSDB-NIJ Xumbo	Xumbo Neoprene, xumbo EVA, caag xaashi ah	Laastikada	Toorey	~1	Waxoogaa ka adag jelatin	Heshiis dhexdhexaad ah oo leh unug, fududahay in la isticmaalo,  qiimo jaban. Loo isticmaalo baaritaanka mindida
Silikoon jel	Silikoon silsilad dheer ah	Visco-elastic	Biomedical	~1.2	La mid ah jelatin	Tijaabada biomedical ee tijaabinta xoogga cad,  dheeldheel unug aad u wanaagsan
Baaritaanka xoolaha doofaarka ama idaha	Nudaha nool	Kala duwan	Cilmi baaris	~1	Nudaha dhabta ah waa doorsooma	Aad u adag, waxay u baahan tahay dib u eegis anshax si loo ansixiyo

Heerarka hubka toorida iyo caarada ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo 3 qalab oo kala duwan. Xeerka qabyada ah ee EU wuxuu ku baaqayaa dhoobo Roma, California DOC waxay soo saartay 60% jelatin ballistic ah iyo heerka hadda ee NIJ iyo HOSDB wuxuu ku baaqayaa xumbo qaybo badan ka kooban iyo walxo taageero caag ah.

• Isticmaalka taageerada dhoobada Roma, kaliya xalalka mindida birta ah ayaa buuxiyey shuruudaha 109 joule Calif. DOC baraf baraf

• Isticmaalka 10% Gelatin-taageerada, dhammaan xalalka toorida dharka ayaa awooday in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha 109 joule Calif. DOC.

• Ugu dambeyntii qabyo qoraalka ISO 14876 caadiga ah ayaa Roma u dooratay inay taageerto ballitiga iyo tijaabinta mindida labadaba.

Taariikhdani waxay kaa caawinaysaa inaad sharaxdo qodob muhiim ah oo ku saabsan Tijaabada Hubka Ballistics iyo Stab, dhabar adayga waxay saamaysaa iska caabinta hubka. Tamar darida nidaamka unugyada hubka waa Tamar = Xoog × barokaca marka lagu tijaabiyo dhabarka jilicsan oo ka sii xumaan kara wadarta saamaynta tamarta ayaa lagu nuugaa xoog hoose. Marka xoogga la yareeyo si jilicsan oo u hoggaansan taageerada hubku waxay u badan tahay in la galo. Isticmaalka agabka Roma ee adag ee qaabka qabyada ah ee ISO ayaa tan ka dhigaysa tan ugu adag ee heerarka mindida maanta la isticmaalo.